Model Cajander – When Winter War Soldiers Wore Civilian Clothes

“Model Cajander” is a term that captures the harsh reality of the Finnish Army’s readiness at the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939. Unlike what one might expect from a wartime force, many soldiers were sent to the front wearing civilian winter clothing, with only a few basic military-issued items.

Reinforcment arriving to the front line in 1939. Picture SA-kuva

Where Does the Name Come From?

The nickname refers to Prime Minister Aimo Cajander, who led the Finnish government during the late 1930s. Under his administration, national defense was not prioritized, and the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union came faster than anyone expected.

As a result, many conscripts were issued only a cockade (the insignia badge for their hat), a leather belt, and a rifle. Standard uniforms and proper cold-weather gear were in short supply, so soldiers brought their own coats, gloves, and boots from home. This barebones setup quickly became known—half-jokingly, half-bitterly—as "Model Cajander."

Finnish soldiers wearing the "model Cajander" uniform. Picture SA-kuva

Fighting Without Proper Equipment

Despite the lack of standardized gear, Finnish soldiers adapted with remarkable resilience and creativity. They used their knowledge of the terrain, camouflage tactics, and close cooperation to slow down and even stop a much larger and better-equipped Soviet force.

Improvised weapons like the Molotov cocktail and tactics such as jamming logs into tank tracks became iconic symbols of Finnish ingenuity. The idea that soldiers could resist tanks with bottles and firewood speaks volumes about their determination and tactical cleverness.

Model Cajander in Miniature

Our Model Cajander miniatures pay tribute to these resourceful soldiers. Dressed in layered civilian coats and armed with Suomi submachine guns, Molotov cocktails, or just a determined look and a log, these figures remind us that true strength often comes not from equipment, but from courage and willpower.